A manipulator consists of the following primary components:
Controllers, ARMs, end actuators, drivers, sensors
The controller is the "brain" of the manipulator, allowing the various parts of the robot to operate together and can also be connected to other systems. The robotic arm controller operates a set of program code instructions, which can be entered through the teach pendant. Nowadays, many industrial robot arms use or build interfaces on top of Windows operating systems.
Industrial robot arms can vary in size and shape. The industrial robot arm is the part that locates the end actuator. Following the movement of the robotic arm, the shoulders, elbows, and wrists move and change to position the end actuator in the correct position. Each of these joints provides a degree of freedom for the robot. A simple robot with three degrees of freedom moves in three ways: up and down, left and right, and front and back. Six-axis robots are the most commonly used in factories today.
The end actuator connects the robot's arm and the hand in direct contact with the material to be handled by the robot. Some of the deformations of the effector are the gripper, vacuum pump, magnet, and welding torch. Some robots have the ability to replace end actuators and are able to be programmed for different task sets.
The drive allows the engine or motor to move to a specified position. Manipulators generally use the following types of drives:
1. The hydraulic drive system gives the robot great speed and strength.
2. The electrical system provides lower speed and strength for the robot.
3. The pneumatic drive system is used for small robots with fewer motion axes.
The drive should be regularly inspected for wear and tear and replaced if necessary.
Sensors enable the manipulator to receive feedback from the environment. The sensor collects the information and sends it electronically to the controlled robot. One use of these sensors is to prevent two robots working closely together from bumping into each other. The sensor is also capable of adjusting for part differences to assist the end actuator. Vision sensors allow the sorting robot to distinguish between items to be selected and items to be ignored.
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