According to the measurement method, it can be divided into contact type and non-contact type
1。 The detection part of the contact: the contact temperature sensor is in good contact with the measured object, also known as the thermometer
The thermometer achieves thermal equilibrium by conduction or convection, so that the indicated value of the thermometer directly represents the temperature of the object being measured
In general, the measurement accuracy is high. Within a certain temperature measurement range, the thermometer can also measure the temperature distribution inside the object. However, in the case of moving objects, small targets, or objects with a small heat capacity, large measurement errors can occur. Commonly used thermometers include bimetal thermometers, glass liquid thermometers, pressure thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples. It is widely used in industry, agriculture, commerce and other fields. In daily life, people often use these thermometers. Non-contact: Its sensitive elements do not contact with the object to be measured, also known as non-contact thermometer. The instrument can be used to measure the surface temperature of moving objects, small targets, and objects with small heat capacity or rapid temperature changes (transient). It can also be used to measure the temperature distribution of a temperature field
The most commonly used non-contact thermometers are radiation thermometers based on the fundamental law of blackbody radiation. Various methods of measuring the radiation temperature can only measure the corresponding photometric temperature, radiation temperature, or colorimetric temperature. Only the measured temperature of a black body (an object that absorbs all radiation without reflecting light) is the true temperature. If the actual temperature of an object is to be measured, the emissivity of the surface of the material must be corrected. The surface emissivity of a material depends not only on temperature and wavelength, but also on the surface state, coating, and microstructure, making it difficult to measure accurately
The advantage of non-contact temperature sensors is that the upper limit of measurement is not limited by the temperature resistance of the temperature sensing element, so there is no limit to the maximum measurable temperature in principle
According to the characteristics of the sensor material and electronic components, it is divided into RTD and thermocouple
1。 Thermal resistance
Thermistors are made of semiconductor materials and mostly have a negative temperature coefficient, that is, the resistance value decreases with increasing temperature
Temperature changes cause large changes in resistance and are the most sensitive temperature sensors. However, thermistors have poor linearity and are closely related to the production process
Thermistors also have their own measurement techniques. Thermistors have the advantage of being small in size. It can be stabilized quickly and does not cause heat loads. However, it is also weak. High currents can lead to self-heating. Since thermistors are resistive devices, any current source generates heat due to power. Power is equal to the square product of current and resistance. Therefore, a small current source is used. If a thermistor is exposed to high temperatures, it will cause permanent damage
2。 thermocouple
Thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensors for temperature measurements. Its main advantage is that it has a wide temperature range and can adapt to a variety of atmospheric environments. It is sturdy, inexpensive, requires no power supply, and is the cheapest. Thermocouples are the simplest and most commonly used temperature sensors, but thermocouples are not suitable for high-precision measurements and applications
According to the output signal mode of temperature sensors, they can be roughly divided into three categories: digital temperature sensors, logic output temperature sensors, and analog temperature sensors
1。 Digital temperature sensor
It is a digital temperature sensor produced using a silicon process. PTAT structure is adopted. This semiconductor structure has precise and good temperature-dependent output characteristics
2。 Logic output temperature sensor
In many applications, we don't need to measure the temperature value rigorously, we only care if the temperature exceeds the set range. Once the temperature exceeds the specified range, an alarm signal will be issued to turn on or off the fan, air conditioner, heater, or other control device. At this point, the logic outputs the temperature sensor
3 Analog temperature sensors
Analog temperature sensors, such as thermocouples, thermistors, and RTDs, have poor linearity over certain temperature ranges and require cold-junction compensation or lead compensation; The thermal inertia is large and the response time is slow. Compared with the integrated analog temperature sensor, it has the advantages of high sensitivity, good linearity and fast response speed. In addition, it integrates the drive circuit, signal processing circuit, and necessary logic control circuitry on a monolithic integrated circuit. It has the advantages of small actual size and easy to use. Common analog temperature sensors are the LM3911, LM335, LM45, AD22103 voltage output type, and AD590 current output type.
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