Welding velocity refers to the linear velocity of the arc moving along the welded joint. All other things being equal, a medium welding speed is the maximum penetration depth. As the welding speed decreases, the amount of deposited metal per unit length of weld increases. At very slow welding speeds, the welding arc impinges on the weld pool, not the base metal. This will reduce the effective penetration depth and the weld bead will be widened. On the contrary, when the welding speed increases, although the heat transferred by the arc to the base metal per unit length of the weld decreases, the arc can repel the molten pool metal and act directly on the base metal at the bottom of the molten pool, so that it is heated more. However, when the welding speed is further increased, the thermal energy of the transition to the base metal per unit length of the weld is reduced. Increasing the welding speed will produce undercut tendency, because the molten metal is not enough to fill the melting path of the arc during high-speed welding, and the molten pool metal is concentrated towards the center of the weld under the action of surface tension. At higher welding speeds, hump beads are also generated, which are the result of instability due to the long molten pool of liquid metals.
Dry elongation is the distance between the guide tip and the end of the wire. With the increase of dry elongation, the resistance of the wire also increases, and the temperature of the wire increases due to the heat of resistance, and the melting rate of the wire increases slightly. On the other hand, increasing the resistance of the wire will produce a large voltage drop in the length of the wire extension. When the length of the wire extension is too large, the directivity of the wire will deteriorate and the bead forming will deteriorate. The suitable dry elongation for short circuit transition is 6-13mm, which is related to the diameter of the wire.
Air flow control: thin plate is generally controlled at 12--15, and thick plate is generally controlled at 15--20 (unit L/min).
Wire inclination: The orientation of the welding torch relative to the weld joint affects the shape and penetration of the weld bead. This effect is greater than the arc voltage or welding speed. The torch angle can be described in two ways: the angle between the wire axis with respect to the welding direction (travel angle) and the angle between the wire axis and the adjacent work surface (work angle). When the wire is pointed in the opposite direction of the welding performance, it is called the right welding method; When the wire is pointed in the direction of welding, it is called left-hand welding. Under the same welding conditions, when the vertical to the left welding method is changed, the penetration decreases and the weld bead becomes wider and flatter. When the right welding method is used in the flat welding position, the welding pool is blown to the rear by the arc force, so the arc can directly act on the base metal, and obtain a larger penetration depth, the weld bead becomes narrow and protruding, and the arc is more stable and the spatter is smaller. For various welding positions, the angle of the welding wire is mostly selected in the range of 10°-15°, which can achieve good control and protection of the weld pool. In robot welding, the left welding method is mostly used, which can provide a good cleaning effect, and the molten metal is blown forward under the action of arc force in the molten pool, which promotes the wetting effect of the molten metal on the base metal and reduces oxidation. In addition, in semi-automatic welding, the position of the welded joint is easily observed by the left welding method, which is convenient for determining the welding direction.
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