In order to ensure trouble-free testing and reliable inspection results in the manufacturing industry, many processes require the same inflow and outflow of liquid or gaseous media. In the automated production process, in addition to the pressure sensor and temperature, the measurement of flow rate is also very important. Depending on the requirements for continuous monitoring of the flow rate or limit value monitoring, the output signal of the flow sensor can be selected as an analog or switching quantity corresponding to the current flow rate. Each application has special requirements for flow sensors.
Electronic or mechanical flow monitoring based on different physical principles has its own advantages. For example, according to the principle of heat conduction, the heat generated is different if the flow rate of the medium is different. In-line sensors determine the flow rate based on the cross-section of a known pipe – first detecting the flow rate and then calculating the flow rate based on the flow rate. Turck's FTCI flow sensors display the current flow rate and are stable, but the thermal conductivity varies depending on the medium and is generally only suitable for water or mixtures with glycol. Mass flow meters for liquid and gas flow testing according to the Cleolis principle are expensive. As the medium flows through the elbow, the mass flow meter causes it to oscillate and measures the resulting Cleolis force. The advantages of mass flow meters are high measurement accuracy, dynamic measurement range, low pressure loss, and suitable for both gases and liquids.
There are two main methods of ultrasonic flow measurement: Doppler method, that is, the frequency is changed by using the reflected sound wave of the medium, and the frequency difference between the sound source and the medium receiving the sound wave is generated when the relative motion occurs. The running time method, that is, the sound velocity superimposes the flow velocity of the medium, if the ultrasonic wave and the water flow direction are the same, the running time is short, otherwise the running time is long, and the flow velocity can be calculated from the running time difference. Another important principle is the vortex frequency method, also known as the vortex street principle, that is, the Karman vortex is formed by placing a blocking fluid in the fluid, and in the case of a certain flow rate, the two sides of the blocking fluid form a regular vortex. Turck's FCVI vortex flow meters are sensitive to changes in medium pressure and temperature, making them ideal for process and cold water circuit control, especially for water monitoring. The differential pressure method is based on Bernoulli's principle, which is that the narrow crossing of the pipe constitutes the nozzle, because the arbitrary flow rate in the piping system is the same, thus constituting a pressure drop, and the flow rate can be calculated according to Bernoulli's principle.
Flow meters based on the principle of electromagnetic induction for flow monitoring are suitable for the detection of all conductive liquids with a conductivity greater than 15 μS/cm. In the magnetic field, the moving charged particles produce a voltage, the size of which is proportional to the uniform flow velocity of the medium, the measurement accuracy of the FCMI electromagnetic flowmeter is 2% of the measured value, there are no mechanical moving parts in the fluid, and there is no need to reduce the pipe diameter at the elbow, so there is no pressure loss.
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