1. The working principle of incremental encoder:
The incremental encoder converts the displacement into a periodic electrical signal, and then converts the electrical signal into a counting pulse, and the number of pulses indicates the size of the displacement.
To describe the pouring of water, an incremental encoder is like finding a cup of unknown size and pouring water into it, when it is full, emptying the cup once, then pouring water again, and finally calculating the distance according to the number of times the cup is poured.
From a structural point of view, an incremental encoder consists of a connecting shaft, a code disc, a light source, and an output circuit. In fact, the encoder is basically composed of this type, so I will not repeat it below.
The incremental encoder obtains four sets of sine wave signals from the photoelectric transmitting device and the receiving device, which are combined into A, B, C, D, respectively, and each sine wave is 90 degrees apart by a phase difference, and the four groups are 360 degrees apart (i.e., a cycle). The C and D signals are reversed and superimposed on the two phases A and B, so as to enhance the stable signal; In addition, a Z-phase pulse is output per revolution to represent the zero reference bit.
Since the A and B phases are 90 degrees apart, the forward and reverse rotation of the encoder can be determined by comparing which of the A and B phases comes forward.
By means of a zero pulse, the zero reference bit of the encoder can be obtained. Parameters such as distance and angle are calculated by using the zero reference bit and the number of pulses.
2. The working principle of absolute encoder
Absolute encoders have a number of engraved lines on the disc that orchestrate each position on the encoder. Since each position is different, you can only know the start and end positions if you want to know the size of the displacement, and you don't have to count all the time like incremental encoders.
For example, an absolute encoder is like finding a graduated cup with a higher level, pouring water into it, and finally calculating the distance based on the start and end scales.
From the structural point of view, there are many optical channel engraving lines on the absolute encoder optical code disc, and each engraving line is 2 wires, 4 wires, 8 lines, and 16 wires...... Orchestration, so that at any position of the encoder, a set of unique binary codes (Gray codes) from the zero power of 2 to the n-1 power of 2 can be obtained by reading the pass and dark of each tick, which is the n-bit absolute encoder.
This type of encoder is determined by the mechanical position of the optical disc (start and stop position), so it is not affected by power outages and external interference, which is also one of the excellent characteristics of absolute encoders.
Due to this feature, the absolute encoder does not need to memorize, does not need to find a change reference point, and does not need to count all the time, so the anti-interference characteristics of the encoder and the reliability of the data are greatly improved.
Based on the construction of an absolute encoder, it must face a problem: counting to the maximum.
To solve this problem, multiturn absolute encoders emerged.
For multiturn absolute encoders, there are three common design options:
The first, inside the encoder, is used to calculate the total number of revolutions by coupling multiple axes with mechanical gears.
Take pouring water as an example, that is, the cup with a scale mentioned earlier, when the cup is full, find a larger cup with a scale, pour the water from the small cup into the large cup, and finally add the large and small cups to calculate the distance.
The second is to use an electronic counter and capacitor to calculate the total number of revolutions.
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