How an inductive sensor works: An inductive sensor consists of three parts: an oscillator, a switching circuit, and an amplified output circuit. The oscillator produces an alternating magnetic field. When the metal target approaches this magnetic field and reaches the sensing distance, eddy currents are generated within the metal target, which causes the metal oscillator to decay and even stop. The changes of oscillator oscillation and stop vibration are processed by the post-amplification circuit and converted into switching signals, which trigger the drive control device to achieve the purpose of non-contact detection.
An inductive displacement sensor is a sensor consisting of an iron core and a coil that converts a change in linear or angular displacement into a change in the inductance of the coil. The number of turns of the coil and the magnetic permeability of the material are both constant, and the change in the inductance is caused by the change in the geometric size of the coil magnetic circuit due to the displacement input. When a coil is connected to a measurement circuit and an excitation power supply is turned on, a voltage or current output proportional to the displacement input is obtained. The characteristics of inductive sensors are: (1) no movable contacts, high reliability and long life; (2) High resolution; (3) High sensitivity; (4) High linearity and good repeatability; (5) Wide measurement range (low resolution when the measurement range is large); (6) When there is no input, there is a zero output voltage, which causes measurement error; (7) The frequency and amplitude stability of the excitation power supply are required; (8) It is not suitable for high-frequency dynamic measurement. Inductive sensors are mainly used for displacement measurement and measurement of mechanical quantities that can be converted into displacement changes (such as force, tension, pressure, differential pressure, acceleration, vibration, strain, flow, thickness, level, specific gravity, torque, etc.). Commonly used inductive sensors are variable gap type, variable area type and solenoid plug-in type. In practical applications, these three sensors are mostly made of differential type in order to improve linearity and reduce the additional error caused by electromagnetic attraction.
Variable Gap Inductive Sensors The air gap δ of this type of sensor changes with the change in the measurement and thus the magnetic resistance (Figure 1). Both its sensitivity and nonlinearity decrease as the air gap increases, so it is often necessary to consider both. δ is generally between 0.1 and 0.5 mm.
Variable Area Inductive Sensors The relative coverage area between the core and armature (i.e., the flux cross-section) of this sensor changes as measured changes, thus changing the magnetic resistance (Figure 2). Its sensitivity is constant and the linearity is good.
Solenoid Plug-in Inductive Sensors It consists of a solenoid coil and a cylindrical armature connected to the object to be measured. Its working principle is based on the change in magnetic resistance in the leakage path of the coil's magnetic field lines. The armature changes the amount of inductance of the coil as it moves with the object being measured. This kind of sensor has a large range, low sensitivity, simple structure, and is easy to manufacture.
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