Embedded computers can be broadly defined as any computer that uses computer hardware and software to perform a specific function, as opposed to the general processing performed by modern desktop computers and servers. The dedicated features of these embedded architectures allow them to take advantage of lightweight software or firmware roots and on-board ASICS to minimize power consumption and hardware requirements.
Modern processors include a lot of integrated accelerators for encryption, data and video graphics processing.
Literally all the components of most embedded computers are placed on a single PCB or motherboard. Because with fewer replaceable components, such as RAM, CPU, and storage, embedded boards look very different from traditional consumer motherboards. Generally, there are no slotted components on embedded boards, and most of the components are soldered to the CPU.
The characteristics of embedded computers can be divided into four aspects
1. Small size: A single high-density PCB design is generally used to maximize the space power.
2. Lower power components: Energy-efficient processors with lower TDPs for passive or minimal cooling to eliminate fans and mobile components.
3. Minimal qualifier or scalability: Few slot components constrain their qualmability and extensibility beyond their initial design and function.
4. Low hardware cost: The expansion slot for soldering components is abandoned, while the SoC reduces the overall cost and component complexity. Optimized for low-cost mass production of these embedded boards.
Embedded architectures must be optimized for low power consumption, code complexity, size, weight, and cost. Many even lack a dedicated on-board user interface (mouse, keyboard, and screen) that is primarily controlled through a remote management interface, secure shell, or even direct firmware updates.
A typical embedded computer is mainly composed of the following elements:
CPU and microcontroller (one or more): Logic gates containing transistors and arithmetic processing units (ALUs) are packaged within a single chip – they are embedded architectures. The brains of processors and controllers are responsible for performing the main system of operations and calculations to obtain data from all levels of cache (L1, L2, L3) and system memory (RAM).
CPU Cache (L1, L2, L3): Optimized for extreme speed, it takes up a significant portion of the die and uses a single-level cell architecture (SLC) to improve speed. This means that each cell includes 1 bit of data, which is due to this data and the high transistor count of this high-speed memory. On the CPU, this cache is limited to a very small amount, during which the L1 cache is the fastest, but it is limited to 00 KB, L2 1024KB and L3 2-16MB. The speed of this cache and its proximity to the CPU is critical to the functionality of the processor.
Stack Memory (RAM): An order of magnitude slower than cache, but many times faster than non-volatile storage such as hard drives and solid-state NAND drives, and more resilient, stack memory is used to store running applications for quick access and transfer to the processor cache. This memory is written thousands of times per minute as applications move data around and perform complex operations, so it doesn't suffer from unit degradation and limited write/erase cycles.
Non-volatile storage: Hard drives, SSDs, NAND, and other non-volatile storage technologies are the slowest but largest storage in the stack. Larger system files and data files are stored here for the normal use of the system.
CMOS - RAM: This component is responsible for storing important system configuration and real-time information. Powered by a small coin cell battery, it can turn off the power of the system without losing its chronograph and system wake-up function.
I/O Ports: Any articulation from the Ethernet RJ45 port to the 3.5mm audio jack falls into this category. They enable the system to generally accept and process external inputs through standardized interfaces such as USB and HDMI.
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