The basic principle of vector control is to measure and control the stator current vector of the asynchronous motor, and control the excitation current and torque current of the asynchronous motor according to the principle of magnetic field orientation, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling the torque of the asynchronous motor. Specifically, the stator current vector of the asynchronous motor is decomposed into the current component (excitation current) that generates the magnetic field and the current component (torque current) that generates torque and controls them respectively, and controls the amplitude and phase between the two components at the same time, that is, the stator current vector is controlled, so this control mode is called vector control mode. There are vector control methods based on slip frequency control, vector control mode without speed sensor, and vector control mode with speed sensor.
The vector control mode based on slip frequency control is also on the basis of carrying out U / f = constant control, by detecting the actual speed n of asynchronous motor, and obtaining the corresponding control frequency f, and then according to the torque that is hoped to obtain, the stator current vector and the phase between the two components are controlled respectively, and the output frequency f of the general frequency converter is controlled. The most important feature of the vector control mode based on slip frequency control is that it can eliminate the fluctuation of torque current in the dynamic process, thereby improving the dynamic performance of the general-purpose inverter. The early vector control general inverter basically adopted the vector control method based on the slip frequency control.
The vector control method without velocity sensor is developed based on the theory of magnetic field-oriented control. To realize the magnetic field directional vector control of the first class, the magnetic flux detection device needs to be installed in the asynchronous motor, and it is very difficult to install the magnetic flux detection device in the asynchronous motor, but it is found that even if the magnetic flux detection device is not directly installed in the asynchronous motor, the corresponding quantity with the magnetic flux can also be obtained in the general frequency converter, and the vector control mode of the so-called no speed sensor is obtained thereby. Its basic control idea is to detect the excitation current (or magnetic flux) and torque current as the basic control quantity respectively according to the nameplate parameter of the input motor, and to make the instruction value and the detection value of the excitation current (or magnetic flux) and torque current be consistent by controlling the frequency of the voltage on the stator winding of the motor, and output the torque, thereby realizing vector control.
The universal inverter with vector control can not only match the DC motor in the speed control range, but also control the torque generated by the asynchronous motor. Because the vector control mode is based on the parameter of the accurate controlled asynchronous motor, some general frequency converter needs to accurately input the parameter of asynchronous motor when using, and some general frequency converter needs to use speed sensor and encoder, and needs to use the special motor of frequency converter specified by the manufacturer to control, otherwise it is difficult to achieve the ideal control effect.
At present, the new vector control general inverter has been equipped with the automatic identification and self-adaptation function of asynchronous motor parameters, and the general inverter with this function can automatically identify the parameters of asynchronous motor before driving asynchronous motor to normal operation, and adjust the relevant parameters in the control algorithm according to the identification result, so that the ordinary asynchronous motor carries out effective vector control. In addition to the above-mentioned sensorless vector control and torque vector control, the technology that can improve the torque control performance of asynchronous motor, the current new technology also includes the adjustment of the control constant of asynchronous motor and the adaptive control that matches with mechanical system, etc., so as to improve the technology of asynchronous motor application performance. In order to prevent the speed deviation of the asynchronous motor and obtain the ideal smooth speed in the low-speed area, the control method of using large-scale integrated circuits and special digital automatic voltage adjustment (AVR) control technology has been put into practical use and achieved good results.
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