Voltage regulators have become an integral part of many appliances in household, industrial, and commercial systems. Earlier, manually operated or switchable regulators were used to raise or lower the input voltage to supply the output voltage within the desired range. This stabilizer is built with an electromechanical relay as a switchgear.
Later, additional electronic circuitry enabled the stabilization process and led to the creation of tap-changer active voltage conditioners. Another popular regulator is the servo regulator, which performs voltage calibration in succession without any switches. Let's review the three primary types of regulators.
Relay-type voltage regulators
In this type of regulator, voltage conditioning is done by switching relays to connect one of the transformer's multiple taps to the load (as described above), whether for boost or buck operation. The diagram below illustrates the internal circuitry of a clear relay regulator.
In addition to the transformer (which can be a toroidal or iron-core transformer, with a tap on the second stage), it also has electronic circuits and a set of relays. Electronic circuits include small components such as rectifier circuits, operational amplifiers, and microcontroller units.
The electronic circuit compares the output voltage with the reference value supplied by the built-in reference voltage source. Whenever the voltage rises or falls beyond the reference value, the control circuit switches the corresponding relay to connect the desired tap to the output.
These stabilizers typically change the voltage for ±15% to ±6% of the input voltage, with an output voltage accuracy of ±5% to ±10%. This type of stabilizer is most commonly used in low-rated appliances in residential, commercial, and industrial applications because of their light weight and low cost. However, these are subject to some limitations, such as slow voltage calibration, poor durability, low reliability, interruption of the power supply path during conditioning, and inability to tolerate high-voltage surges.
Servo-operated voltage stabilizer
These are simply called servo stabilizers (which work on a servo structure, also known as negative feedback), and they use a servo motor to complete the voltage calibration. These are primarily used for high output voltage accuracy, typically ±1%, with input voltage variations of up to ±50%. The diagram below shows the internal circuit of a servo stabilizer, which includes a servo motor, an autotransformer, a step-down step-up transformer, a motor driver, and a control circuit as the basic components.
In this regulator, one end of the primary of the step-down step-boost transformer is connected to the fixed tap of the autotransformer, and the other end is connected to a boom operated by a servo motor. The secondary stage of the step-down step-up transformer is connected in series with the input power supply, and the input power supply is only the output of the stabilizer.
The electronic control circuit detects voltage dips and voltage rises by comparing the input to the built-in reference voltage source. When the circuit finds an error, it runs the motor, which in turn moves the arm on the autotransformer. This can supply the primary power to the step-down step-up transformer so that the voltage at both ends of the secondary stage should be the required voltage output. Most servo stabilizers use an embedded micro-controller or processor as a control circuit to complete intelligent control.
These stabilizers are available as single-phase, three-phase balanced or three-phase unbalanced devices. In the single-phase type, the voltage is calibrated by a servo motor coupled to a variable transformer. In the case of the three-phase balanced type, the servo motor is coupled with three autotransformers, and the output of the transformer is adjusted to provide a stable output during fluctuations. In an unbalanced servo stabilizer, three independent servo motors are coupled to three autotransformers, which have three independent control circuits.
The use of servo stabilizers has many advantages over relay-type stabilizers. Some of them are higher proofreading speeds, stable output accuracy, inrush current acceptance, and high reliability. However, because of the presence of motors, these require timing protection.
Quiescent voltage stabilizer
In the sense of the word, the static voltage regulator does not have any moving parts as the servo motor organization of the servo stabilizer. It uses power electronic converter circuitry for voltage conditioning, rather than autotransformers in the case of conventional voltage regulators. These regulators can be conditioned with higher accuracy and excellent voltage conditioning compared to servo regulators, typically ±1%.
It primarily consists of a step-down step-up transformer, an IGBT power converter (or AC-to-AC converter) and a micromanipulator, microprocessor, or DSP-based manipulator. The microprocessor-controlled IGBT converter is subjected to pulse-width modulation to generate the right amount of voltage and supply that voltage to the primary of the step-down step-up transformer. The voltage generated by the IGBT converter can be 180 degrees in phase or out of phase with the incoming voltage in order to perform the addition and subtraction of the voltage during fluctuations.
Whenever the microprocessor detects a voltage dip, it sends a PWM pulse to the IGBT converter that causes it to occur a voltage equal to the nominal value. This output is in phase with the input power supply and is supplied to the primary of the step-down step-up transformer. Because the secondary is connected to the input line, the induced voltage is added to the input supply and the calibration voltage is supplied to the load.
Similarly, a voltage rise causes the microprocessor circuit to send PWM pulses so that the converter will output a perverse voltage that is 180 degrees out of phase from the input voltage. This voltage in the secondary stage of the step-down step-up transformer is subtracted from the input voltage to perform the step-down operation.
These stabilizers are popular over tap-changers and servo-operated stabilizers because of their many advantages, such as compact size, very fast calibration, excellent voltage conditioning, no moving parts without protection, high efficiency, and high reliability.
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