In modern construction machinery, basically inseparable from hydraulic working devices, even if the main working devices do not use hydraulic equipment, usually need hydraulic systems to achieve some auxiliary work, hydraulic pressure is so important, and our life and work is very close.
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But for ordinary people who are not professionals, it still has some mystery, and the various principles are not very well understood, and they are familiar with this word, and the rest is unknown.
When it comes to the hydraulic system, we must talk about the most important pump, the pump is the basis of the hydraulic system, the pump is used to transport the liquid or pressurize the liquid.
The birth of the pump is very early, and the ancient equipment used to lift water is the earliest pump, such as China's water wheel, Egypt's chain pump.
After the industrial revolution, with the wide application of steam engines, the demand for large flow and high-speed liquid transportation increased, and mechanical pumps began to be born.
Hydraulic transmission is widely used in various fields, known as the "muscle of industry", and in hydraulic transmission, the hydraulic pump is the power element, is the "source" of its strength, especially in the era of mechanization, it is everywhere, and the importance is self-evident.
A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely power components, actuator elements, control elements, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.
The function of the actuators (hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) is to convert the pressure energy of the liquid into mechanical energy, and drive the machinery to make linear reciprocating motion or rotary motion.
Control elements (various hydraulic valves) control and regulate the pressure, flow and direction of liquids in the hydraulic system.
Auxiliary components include oil tank, oil filter, sealing ring, pressure gauge, etc., hydraulic oil is the medium that transmits energy in the hydraulic system, there are mineral oil, synthetic hydraulic oil, etc.
Hydraulic pump is a kind of hydraulic component that provides pressurized liquid for hydraulic transmission, and is a kind of pump. Its function is to convert the mechanical energy of power engines (such as electric motors and internal combustion engines) into the pressure energy of liquids. The working principle of the single piston pump is that the cam is driven by the motor to rotate, when the cam pushes the plunger to move upward, the sealing volume formed by the plunger and the cylinder body decreases, and the oil is extruded from the sealing volume and discharged to the required place through the check valve. When the cam rotates to the descending part of the curve, the spring forces the plunger downward, forming a certain vacuum, and the oil in the oil tank enters the sealing volume under the action of atmospheric pressure. The cam makes the plunger constantly rise and fall, the sealing volume periodically decreases and increases, and the pump continuously sucks and discharges oil.
The working principle of the hydraulic pump: the movement brings about the change of the volume of the pump chamber, so as to compress the fluid so that the fluid has pressure energy, and the condition must be that the pump chamber has a change in the sealing volume.
Hydraulic pumps can be divided into four types according to their working principle, which are as follows.
1. Gear pump
The size is smaller, the structure is simpler, the cleanliness of the oil is not strict, and the price is cheaper; However, the pump shaft is subject to unbalanced force, serious wear and leakage.
When the gear rotates, in the A cavity, the volume gradually increases due to the disengagement of the gear teeth, and a vacuum is formed to absorb oil from the oil tank, and the oil filled in the cogging is brought to the B cavity with the rotation of the gear, and in the B cavity, due to the meshing of the gear teeth, the volume gradually decreases, and the hydraulic oil is discharged The change of the closed volume formed by the tooth and the pump casing is used to complete the function of the pump.
2. Vane pump
It is divided into double-acting vane pump and single-acting vane pump. This kind of pump has uniform flow, smooth operation, low noise, higher working pressure and volumetric efficiency than gear pumps, and more complex structure than gear pumps.
When the rotor rotates, the tip of the blade adheres to the inner surface of the stator under the action of centrifugal force and pressure oil. In this way, the working volume of the two blades and the inner surface of the rotor and stator is first drained from small to large oil absorption, and then from large to small oil drainage, when the blades rotate for one week, two oil absorption and two oil discharge are completed.
3. Piston pump
High volumetric efficiency, small leakage, can work under high pressure, mostly used in high-power hydraulic systems; However, the structure is complex, the material and processing accuracy are high, the price is expensive, and the cleanliness of the oil is required. Generally, piston pumps are used when gear pumps and vane pumps cannot meet the requirements. There are some other forms of hydraulic pumps, such as progressive cavity pumps, etc., but the application is not as common as the above 3.
The plunger pump is composed of a cylinder and a plunger, the plunger moves reciprocating in the cylinder, absorbs oil when the working volume increases, and discharges the oil when the working volume decreases. The radial load is balanced by the large bearing around the outer circumference of the cylinder to limit the inclination of the cylinder body, and the circulating shaft of the distribution plate is used to distribute the circulating shaft, which only transmits the torque and the shaft diameter is small. Due to the existence of the inclined torque of the cylinder block, the manufacturing accuracy is required to be high, otherwise it is easy to damage the distribution plate.
4. Screw pump
One driving screw and two driven screws mesh with each other, and the meshing lines of the three screws divide the spiral groove into several sealing volumes. When the screw rotates, this sealing volume moves along the axial direction to achieve oil suction and oil discharge Using the movement of the internal volume of the screw groove, the action of the pump can not be variable, and the radial load is smaller than that of the twin-screw type, with large size and large mass.
Hydraulic pump is a key component of various equipment, their performance and life largely determine the working capacity of the entire hydraulic system, with the progress of technology, the performance of hydraulic pump is more and more perfect, in industrial equipment and various fields are widely used.
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