Sensors refer to equipment or devices that can sense the prescribed physical quantities and convert useful signals that can be used by the Great Wall according to certain laws. It generally consists of a sensitive element and a conversion element.
There are many ways to classify sensors, but here I will use a close to the actual way to classify and introduce them according to the purpose of the sensor:
1. Pressure sensor
pressure
First of all, let's understand pressure: pressure is often referred to in physics as pressure, which refers to the force acting vertically and uniformly on a unit area. Commonly used units are "Pascal Pa", millimeters of mercury, etc.
In order to facilitate analysis, we generally divide pressure into, affirmative pressure, atmospheric pressure, and relative pressure.
Affirmative pressure: refers to the total pressure acting on the surface of an object, and its zero scale is based on the affirmative vacuum;
Atmospheric pressure: The pressure that occurs due to the gravitational force that occurs when a column of air is placed on the surface of an object;
Relative pressure: The difference between the positive pressure and the atmospheric pressure, the negative value of which is often expressed by the degree of vacuum.
Pressure sensors
Let's classify sensors according to the different sensitive components
Elastomeric pressure sensors
(1) Principle
These sensors are based on a fixed connection between the deformation of an elastic element and the pressure to which it is subjected. The elastic elements mainly include spring tubes, bellows, diaphragms, diaphragms, diaphragms, etc.
For example, in the field of aviation, the vacuum diaphragm box is used to measure the gas pressure to obtain the positive pressure, and the open diaphragm box is used to obtain the relative pressure.
(2) Features
The structure is simple, the operation is reliable, and it is convenient for on-site maintenance and commissioning. The disadvantage is that the sensitivity is not high, and the indication error is large.
Piezoresistive pressure sensors
(1) Principle
It mainly works on the piezoresistive effect of the piezoresistive element. The piezoresistive effect is a characteristic of the resistivity of a piezoresistive element that changes with the pressure on it.
(2) Features
Because the resistivity of piezoresistive elements is very large, they can be made into small volumes; Good dynamic performance and high sensitivity; Able to indicate a micropressure of more than a dozen pascals.
2. Temperature sensor
Sensors that measure temperature can be broadly divided into two categories: touch measurement and non-touch measurement.
Touch measurement is based on the heat transfer between objects at different temperatures; Non-touch measurement is based on the connection between the thermal radiation of the object and the temperature of the object. The latter error is larger, except for special occasions to use, here is the introduction of touch measurement methods.
According to the different temperature sensing elements, touch sensors are divided into:
thermocouple
(1) Principle
Thermocouples are mainly based on the temperature to generate the thermoelectric potential, and the temperature is converted into an electrical signal for measurement.
(2) Features
The thermocouple requires the temperature of the cold junction to be zero, otherwise the temperature error will occur, and pay attention to compensation.
RTD
(1) Principle
The temperature is measured using the characteristics that the resistance of the conductor changes with the temperature.
(2) Features
Commonly used thermal resistance is platinum thermal resistance and copper thermal resistance. The former has a wide scale and high accuracy but is expensive. The latter is often used when the accuracy requirements are not high and the temperature is low.
Thermistor
(1) Principle
Temperature measurement is mainly carried out using the resistivity of semiconductors as a function of temperature.
(2) Features
The temperature coefficient is large, and there are positive and negative temperature coefficients;
High resistivity, capable of making very small volumes;
Good mechanical properties, simple structure, able to make a variety of shapes;
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