Orion Star Robot - What are the key technologies of intelligent robots?

Create Date: 2024-8-30 12:03:23|Source: OrionStar

随着社会发展的需要和机器人应用领域的扩大,人们对智能机器人的要求也越来越高。智能机器人所处的环境往往是未知的、难以预测的 ,在研究这类机器人的过程中, 主要涉及到以下关键技术 :

  多传感器信息融合

  多传感器信息融合技术是近年来十分热门的研究课题, 它与控制理论、信号处理、人工智能、概率和统计相结合 , 为机器人在各种复杂、动态、不确定和未知的环境中执行任务提供了 1 种技术解决途径。机器人所用的传感器有很多种 , 根据不同用途分为内部测量传感器和外部测量传感器两大类。内部测量传感器用来检测机器人组成部件的内部状态 , 包括: 特定位置 、角度传感器 ; 任意位置 、角度传感器; 速度、角度传感器 ; 加速度传感器; 倾斜角传感器; 方位角传感器等 。外部传感器包括: 视觉( 测量、认识传感器)、触觉(接触、压觉 、滑动觉传感器)、力觉( 力、力矩传感器)、接近觉( 接近觉、距离传感器)以及角度传感器( 倾斜、方向、姿式传感器)。多传感器信息融合就是指综合来自多个传感器的感知数据, 以产生更可靠 、更准确或更全面的信息。经过融合的多传感器系统能够更加完善、精确地反映检测对象的特性, 消除信息的不确定性 ,提高信息的可靠性。融合后的多传感器信息具有以下特性 : 冗余性、互补性、实时性和低成本性。多传感器信息融合方法主要有贝叶斯估计、Dempster-Shafer 理论、卡尔曼滤波 、神经网络 、小波变换等。

  多传感器信息融合技术是 1 个十分活跃的研究领域, 主要研究方向有 :

  1多层次传感器融合 由于单个传感器具有不确定性、观测失误和不完整性的弱点 , 因此单层数据融合限制了系统的能力和鲁棒性。对于要求高鲁棒性和灵活性的先进系统 , 可以采用多层次传感器融合的方法。低层次融合方法可以融合多传感器数据; 中间层次融合方法可以融合数据和特征, 得到融合的特征或决策 ; 高层次融合方法可以融合特征和决策, 到最终的决策。

  2 微传感器和智能传感器 传感器的性能、价格和可靠性是衡量传感器优劣与否的重要标志, 然而许多性能优良的传感器由于体积大而限制了应用市场。微电子技术的迅速发展使小型和微型传感器的制造成为可能。智能传感器将主处理、硬件和软件集成在一起 。如 Par Scientific 公司研制的 1000 系列数字式石英智能传感器 ,日本日立研究所研制的可以识别 4种气体的嗅觉传感器, 美国 Honeywell 研制的DSTJ23000 智能压差压力传感器等 , 都具备了一定的智能。

  3 自适应多传感器融合 在实际世界中, 很难得到环境的精确信息 , 也无法确保传感器始终能够正常工作。因此 ,对于各种不确定情况 , 鲁棒融合算法十分必要。现已研究出一些自适应多传感器融合算法来处理由于传感器的不完善带来的不确定性。如 Hong通过革新技术提出 1 种扩展的联合方法, 能够估计单个测量 序列滤波的 最优卡尔 曼增益 。 Pacini 和Kosko 也研究出 1 种可以在轻微环境噪声下应用的自适应目标跟踪模糊系统, 它在处理过程中结合了卡尔曼滤波算法。

  导航与定位

  在机器人系统中 ,自主导航是一项核心技术 , 是机器人研究领域的重点和难点问题。导航的基本任务有 3 点: ( 1)基于环境理解的全局定位: 通过环境中景物的理解 ,识别人为路标或具体的实物 ,以完成对机器人的定位 ,为路径规划提供素材;( 2)目标识别和障碍物检测: 实时对障碍物或特定目标进行检测和识别 ,提高控制系统的稳定性; ( 3)安全保护: 能对机器人工作环境中出现的障碍和移动物体作出分析并避免对机器人造成的损伤。

  机器人有多种导航方式 , 根据环境信息的完整程度、导航指示信号类型等因素的不同 ,可以分为基于地图的导航、基于创建地图的导航和无地图的导航3类。根据导航采用的硬件的不同, 可将导航系统分为视觉导航和非视觉传感器组合导航。视觉导航是利用摄像头进行环境探测和辨识, 以获取场景中绝大部分信息 。视觉导航信息处理的内容主要包括 : 视觉信息的压缩和滤波 、路面检测和障碍物检测 、环境特定标志的识别、三维信息感知与处理。非视觉传感器导航是指采用多种传感器共同工作 , 如探针式、电容式、电感式 、力学传感器、雷达传感器、光电传感器等,用来探测环境 , 对机器人的位置、姿态 、速度和系统内部状态等进行监控, 感知机器人所处工作环境的静态和动态信息,使得机器人相应的工作顺序和操作内容能自然地适应工作环境的变化 ,有效地获取内外部信息 。

  在自主移动机器人导航中 , 无论是局部实时避障还是全局规划, 都需要精确知道机器人或障碍物的当前状态及位置, 以完成导航 、避障及路径规划等任务,这就是机器人的定位问题 。比较成熟的定位系统可分为被动式传感器系统和主动式传感器系统。被动式传感器系统通过码盘、加速度传感器、陀螺仪、多普勒速度传感器等感知机器人自身运动状态, 经过累积计算得到定位信息 。主动式传感器系统通过包括超声传感器、红外传感器、激光测距仪以及视频摄像机等主动式传感器感知机器人外部环境或人为设置的路标 , 与系统预先设定的模型进行匹配, 从而得到当前机器人与环境或路标的相对位置 ,获得定位信息。

  路径规划

  路径规划技术是机器人研究领域的1 个重要分支 。最优路径规划就是依据某个或某些优化准则( 如工作代价最小 、行走路线最短、行走时间最短等),在机器人工作空间中找到 1 条从起始状态到目标状态、可以避开障碍物的最优路径。

  路径规划方法大致可以分为传统方法和智能方法2 种 。传统路径规划方法主要有以下几种 : 自由空间法、图搜索法 、栅格解耦法 、人工势场法。大部分机器人路径规划中的全局规划都是基于上述几种方法进行的,但这些方法在路径搜索效率及路径优化方面有待于进一步改善 。人工势场法是传统算法中较成熟且高效的规划方法 ,它通过环境势场模型进行路径规划 ,但是没有考察路径是否最优。

  智能路径规划方法是将遗传算法 、模糊逻辑以及神经网络等人工智能方法应用到路径规划中, 来提高机器人路径规划的避障精度 ,加快规划速度, 满足实际应用的需要。其中应用较多的算法主要有模糊方法、神经网络、遗传算法、Q 学习及混合算法等 ,这些方法在障碍物环境已知或未知情况下均已取得一定的研究成果。

  机器人视觉

  视觉系统是自主机器人的重要组成部分,一般由摄像机、图像采集卡和计算机组成。机器人视觉系统的工作包括图像的获取、图像的处理和分析 、输出和显示, 核心任务是特征提取 、图像分割和图像辨识 。而如何精确高效的处理视觉信息是视觉系统的关键问题。视觉信息处理逐步细化, 包括视觉信息的压缩和滤波、环境和障碍物检测 、特定环境标志的识别、三维信息感知与处理等。其中环境和障碍物检测是视觉信息处理中最重要 、也是最困难的过程 。边沿抽取是视觉信息处理中常用的 1 种方法。对于一般的图像边沿抽取 , 如采用局部数据的梯度法和二阶微分法等 ,对于需要在运动中处理图像的移动机器人而言,难以满足实时性的要求。为此人们提出 1种基于计算智能的图像边沿抽取方法, 如基于神经网络的方法 、利用模糊推理规则的方法, 特别是 Bezdek J .C 教授近期全面的论述了利用模糊逻辑推理进行图像边沿抽取的意义。这种方法具体到视觉导航, 就是将机器人在室外运动时所需要的道路知识, 如公路白线和道路边沿信息等 , 集成到模糊规则库中来提高道路识别效率和鲁棒性 。还有人提出将遗传算法与模糊逻辑相结合。

  机器人视觉是其智能化最重要的标志之一, 对机器人智能及控制都具有非常重要的意义。国内外都在大力研究 ,并且已经有一些系统投入使用。

  智能控制

  随着机器人技术的发展, 对于无法精确解析建模的物理对象以及信息不足的病态过程,传统控制理论暴露出缺点 ,近年来许多学者提出了各种不同的机器人智能控制系统。机器人的智能控制方法有模糊控制 、神经网络控制 、智能控制技术的融合( 模糊控制和变结构控制的融合 ; 神经网络和变结构控制的融合; 模糊控制和神经网络控制的融合 ; 智能融合技术还包括基于遗传算法的模糊控制方法) 等。

  机器人智能控制在理论和应用方面都有较大的进展 。在模糊控制方面 ,J . J . Buckley 等人论证了模糊系统的逼近特性 , E. H . Mamdan 首次将模糊理论用于一台实际机器人。模糊系统在机器人的建模、控制 、对柔性臂的控制、模糊补偿控制以及移动机器人路径规划等各个领域都得到了广泛的应用。在机器人神经网络控制方面 ,CMCA ( Cere-bella Model Controller Articulation) 是应用较早的一种控制方法 , 其最大特点是实时性强, 尤其适用于多自由度操作臂的控制 [1]  。

  智能控制方法提高了机器人的速度及精度 , 但是也有其自身的局限性, 例如机器人模糊控制中的规则库如果很庞大, 推理过程的时间就会过长; 如果规则库很简单 ,控制的精确性又会受到限制 ; 无论是模糊控制还是变结构控制 ,抖振现象都会存在 ,这将给控制带来严重的影响 ; 神经网络的隐层数量和隐层内神经元数的合理确定仍是神经网络在控制方面所遇到的问题,另外神经网络易陷于局部极小值等问题 ,都是智能控制设计中要解决的问题。

  人机接口技术

  智能机器人的研究目标并不是完全取代人 ,复杂的智能机器人系统仅仅依靠计算机来控制是有一定困难的, 即使可以做到 ,也由于缺乏对环境的适应能力而并不实用 。智能机器人系统还不能完全排斥人的作用, 而是需要借助人机协调来实现系统控制。因此, 设计良好的人机接口就成为智能机器人研究的重点问题之一。

  人机接口技术是研究如何使人方便自然地与计算机交流 。为了实现这一目标, 除了最基本的要求机器人控制器有 1 个友好的、灵活方便的人机界面之外, 还要求计算机能够看懂文字、听懂语言、说话表达, 甚至能够进行不同语言之间的翻译, 而这些功能的实现又依赖于知识表示方法的研究 。因此, 研究人机接口技术既有巨大的应用价值, 又有基础理论意义。人机接口技术已经取得了显著成果 ,文字识别 、语音合成与识别 、图像识别与处理 、机器翻译等技术已经开始实用化。另外, 人机接口装置和交互技术、监控技术、远程操作技术、通讯技术等也是人机接口技术的重要组成部分, 其中远程操作技术是一个重要的研究方向。
Orion Star Robot - What are the key technologies of intelligent robots?

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