Infrared sensor is a kind of sensor that uses infrared rays to process data, which has the advantages of high sensitivity, and the infrared sensor can control the operation of the driving device. Infrared sensors are commonly used for non-contact temperature measurement, gas composition analysis, and non-destructive testing, and are widely used in medical, military, space technology, and environmental engineering.
Infrared sensors consist of an optical system, a detection element, and a conversion circuit. Optical systems can be divided into two categories: transmissive and reflective according to different structures. According to the working principle, the detection element can be divided into thermal detection element and photoelectric detection element. The most widely used thermistors are thermistors. When the thermistor is exposed to infrared radiation, the temperature rises, and the resistance changes (this change may become larger or smaller, because thermistors can be divided into positive temperature coefficient thermistors and negative temperature coefficient thermistors), and become an electrical signal output through the conversion circuit. Photoelectric detection elements are commonly used photosensitive elements, which are usually made of lead sulfide, lead selenide, indium arsenide, antimony arsenide, mercury cadmium telluride ternary alloy, germanium and silicon doped materials.
Infrared sensors are commonly used for non-contact temperature measurement, gas composition analysis, and non-destructive testing, and are widely used in medical, military, space technology, and environmental engineering. For example, the thermal image of the surface temperature of the human body can be measured remotely by infrared sensors, which can find the location of abnormal temperature and diagnose and treat diseases in time (see thermal imaging camera); The use of infrared sensors on artificial satellites to monitor the earth's clouds can achieve large-scale weather forecasting; Infrared sensors are used to detect overheating of engines running on aircraft, etc.
Telescopes with infrared sensors can be used in military operations, in woodland warfare to detect enemies in dense forests, and in urban warfare to detect enemies behind walls, all of which use infrared sensors to measure the surface temperature of the human body and know where the enemy is.
Types of infrared sensors
Infrared sensors can be divided into the following types according to their actions:
1. Convert part of the infrared into heat, and use the heat to extract the output signal such as the change in resistance value and electromotive force.
2. A quantum type that uses the photoelectric effect of the energy difference absorbed by the semiconductor migration phenomenon and the optical electromotive force effect due to PN bonding.
The thermal phenomenon is commonly known as the scorching effect, and the most representative of them are thermal bolometers, thermopiles and pyroelectric elements.
Thermal infrared sensor
Advantages: It can be operated at room temperature, wavelength dependence (there is a large change in the sensitivity of different wavelengths) does not exist, and the cost is cheap;
Disadvantages: low sensitivity, slow response (mS spectrum).
Quantum infrared sensor
Advantages: high sensitivity, fast response (μS spectrum);
Disadvantages: must be cooled (liquid nitrogen), wavelength dependent, high price;
Infrared sensors, in particular, use the sensitivity of the far-infrared range for human examination, and the wavelength of infrared rays is longer than visible light and shorter than radio waves. Infrared rays make people think that they are only emitted by hot objects, but in fact this is not the case, all objects that exist in nature, such as humans, fire, ice, etc., all emit infrared rays, but their wavelengths vary depending on the temperature of the object.
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